Because it is a [communist] system that controls the country´s economy, all work done in Cuba must be approved. It is the government that gives or takes away your job. It gives you your salary and controls the unions. It is a great challenge for the opposition, which must depend on its own resources.
My example: they fired me from my job. Since then I became dependent on my parents. Our movement was not receiving anything from the outside. In 2001 or 2002 we started getting help to create independent pharmacies. We at least got medicines.
The opposition in Cuba depends on family support because they cannot work. Anyone who is actively linked to the opposition doesn’t have a job and risks going to prison and relying more on family. I think that´s one of the great challenges they face every day: the economy.
Technology did not exist in my time. Right now my province, Pinar del Rio, is nicknamed “Cinderella” because it is the most backward. But now you can find a cell phone in any small town. When something happens, they can record it and they can send it. No such thing existed while I was there. There was so much repression. We could talk about what happened but could not offer photographic evidence. I think the challenges are technology, finances and information.
A cell phone is expensive. Less advanced models cost 50 or 60 CUC [Cuban convertible pesos]. The big problem in Cuba is how to maintain a cell phone account, when they charge you the same whether you make or receive a call. I think it has changed a bit now. You’re charged the same for a text [for sending and receiving]. It costs 2 CUC which is 50 Cuban pesos. That is a luxury not many Cubans can afford. [The Cuban convertible peso (CUC) is one of Cuba’s two official currencies; the other, which is more widely used by average citizens, is the Cuban peso (CUP). The CUC is pegged to the U.S. dollar and worth 25 times as much as the CUP.]
Most Cubans have a cell phone to stand out. Prices have come down a bit but not much. Normando [Hernandez] did studies on the number of phones per inhabitant and it was not a large number of Cubans who have a phone or access to the Internet. [Normando Hernandez (1969 – ) is a Cuban independent journalist and human rights advocate. From 2003 to 2010, he was a prisoner of conscience after his arrest in the Black Spring crackdown. He has lived in the United States since 2011.]
Recently, centers were created [by the government] where you can surf the Internet. It costs 4.50 CUC an hour to surf, not the Internet but the “Intranet,” which is what exists in Cuba.
450 CUC is more than 100 Cuban Pesos. The average Cuban salary is about 220 to 250 Cuban Pesos. Imagine who can afford that without receiving money transfers from here [the United States] or from someone there on an international mission [referring to Cuban professionals, such as doctors, nurses, and engineers, who are sent overseas by the government to bolster allies]. Many doctors can afford it. But I don’t think ordinary Cubans — the farmer who lives off the land or those on a living wage — can access that technology.
Horacio Julio Piña Borrego, the son of an ardent communist, was born in Las Martinas, Cuba in 1966. Horacio first became active in the democratic opposition as a member of the Cuban Pro-Human Rights Party Affiliated with the Sakharov Foundation; in 1999, he became a provincial delegate for the organization in his hometown of Pinar del Rio. Through his activism, he also collected signatures for the Varela Project, an initiative that petitioned the regime to hold open elections and expand civil liberties.
In March 2003, Horacio was detained along with 74 other nonviolent dissidents in a massive government crackdown known as the Black Spring. He received a summary trial in which he was sentenced to 20 years in prison. Horacio was placed in solitary confinement until August 2004, and was subjected to physical and psychological torture throughout his time in prison. In October 2010, the Catholic Church and the Spanish government negotiated the release of the 75 and Horacio went into exile with his family. He lived in Spain as a political refugee until 2011, before settling in the United States.
Horacio is active in the fight for Cuban freedom and democracy; he serves as the Managing Director of the Cuban Institute for Freedom of Expression and Press in Florida.
Cuba, an island nation of 11.4 million people in the northern Caribbean Sea, is a totalitarian state.
Fidel Castro led the 1959 Cuban Revolution and ruled the country for 49 years before formally relinquishing power to his younger brother Raul in 2008. Raul Castro is the current head of state and First Secretary of the Communist Party, which is recognized by the Cuban Constitution as the only legal political party and “the superior leading force of society and of the state.” Raul Castro has said that he will step down from power at the age of 86 in 2018.
Cuba was a territory of Spain until the Spanish-American War. The United States assumed control of the island until 1902, when the Republic of Cuba became formally independent. A fledgling democracy was established, with the U.S. continuing to play a strong role in Cuban affairs.
In 1952, facing an impending electoral loss, former president Fulgencio Batista staged a successful military coup and overthrew the existing government. While his first term as elected president in the 1940s largely honored progressive politics, universal freedoms, and the Cuban Constitution of 1940, Batista’s return to power in the 1950s was a dictatorship marked by corruption, organized crime and gambling. He held power until 1959 when he was ousted by Fidel Castro’s rebel July 26th Movement.
While promising free elections and democracy, Castro moved quickly to consolidate power. By 1961, Castro had declared Cuba to be a communist nation.
Castro’s communist government nationalized private businesses, lashed out at political opponents, and banned independent civil society. As Cuba aligned itself with the Soviet Union, Cuban-American relations soured, including a U.S. embargo on trade with Cuba. In the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States and the Soviet Union came close to war, after the Soviets installed nuclear missiles in Cuba, prompting a U.S. naval embargo.
Since the revolution, Cuba has remained a one-party state. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the evaporation of Soviet economic support, Cuba loosened some economic policies, became more open to foreign investment, and legalized use of the U.S. dollar. By the late 1990s, Venezuela had become Cuba’s chief patron, thanks to the close relationship between the Castro brothers and Venezuela’s late President Hugo Chavez.
The regime continues to exercise authoritarian political control, clamping down on political dissent and mounting defamation campaigns against dissidents, portraying them as malignant U.S. agents. In a massive crackdown in 2003 known as the Black Spring, the government imprisoned 75 of Cuba’s best-known nonviolent dissidents.
The Cuban government does not respect the rights to freedom of expression, peaceful assembly, association, movement, and religion. The government and the Communist Party control all news media, and the government routinely harasses and detains its critics, particularly those who advocate democracy and respect of human rights. Frequent government actions against dissidents often take the form of attacks by regime-organized mobs. Prison conditions are harsh and often life-threatening, and the courts operate as instruments of the Communist Party rather than conducting fair trials.
Cuba relaxed its travel laws in 2013, allowing some prominent dissidents to leave and return to the country. It continues to experiment with modest economic reforms but remains committed to communist economic orthodoxy.
In Freedom House’s Freedom in the World report, Cuba was designated as “not free” and is grouped near the bottom of the world’s nations, with severely restricted civil rights and political liberties.
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